Main article: History of the lithium-ion battery Strategies include aqueous lithium-ion batteries, ceramic solid electrolytes, polymer electrolytes, ionic liquids, and heavily fluorinated systems. Research has been under way in the area of non-flammable electrolytes as a pathway to increased safety based on the flammability and volatility of the organic solvents used in the typical electrolyte. Research areas for lithium-ion batteries include extending lifetime, increasing energy density, improving safety, reducing cost, and increasing charging speed, among others. Both environmental issues have encouraged some researchers to improve mineral efficiency and find alternatives such as Lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion chemistries or non-lithium-based battery chemistries like iron-air batteries. Moreover, both lithium and other key strategic minerals used in batteries have significant issues at extraction, with lithium being water intensive in often arid regions and other minerals used in some Li-ion chemistries potentially being conflict minerals such as cobalt. Improperly recycled batteries can create toxic waste, especially from toxic metals, and are at risk of fire. Lithium-ion solid-state batteries are being developed to eliminate the flammable electrolyte. Much progress has been made in the development and manufacturing of safe lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries can be a safety hazard if not properly engineered and manufactured because they have flammable electrolytes that, if damaged or incorrectly charged, can lead to explosions and fires. Stanley Whittingham, John Goodenough, and Akira Yoshino were awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their contributions to the development of lithium-ion batteries.

The first prototype of the modern Li-ion battery, which uses a carbonaceous anode rather than lithium metal, was developed by Akira Yoshino in 1985 and commercialized by a Sony and Asahi Kasei team led by Yoshio Nishi in 1991. John Goodenough expanded on this work in 1980 by using lithium cobalt oxide as a cathode. Stanley Whittingham conceived intercalation electrodes in the 1970s and created the first rechargeable lithium-ion battery, based on a titanium disulfide cathode and a lithium-aluminum anode, although it suffered from safety problems and was never commercialized. NMC and its derivatives are widely used in the electrification of transport, one of the main technologies (combined with renewable energy) for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles. Lithium iron phosphate ( LiFePOģ-based lithium-rich layered materials, LMR-NMC), and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide ( LiNiMnCoOĢ or NMC) may offer longer life and a higher discharge rate. Handheld electronics mostly use lithium polymer batteries (with a polymer gel as an electrolyte), a lithium cobalt oxide ( LiCoOĢ) cathode material, and a graphite anode, which together offer high energy density. Lithium-ion cells can be manufactured to optimize energy or power density. It also sees significant use for grid-scale energy storage as well as military and aerospace applications. More specifically, Li-ion batteries enabled portable consumer electronics, laptop computers, cellular phones, and electric cars, or what has been called the e-mobility revolution. The invention and commercialization of Li-ion batteries may have had one of the greatest impacts of all technologies in human history, as recognized by the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. There are at least 12 different chemistries of Li-ion batteries, see List of battery types Also noteworthy is a dramatic improvement in lithium-ion battery properties after their market introduction in 1991: within the next 30 years, their volumetric energy density increased threefold while their cost dropped tenfold. In comparison with other commercial rechargeable batteries, Li-ion batteries are characterized by higher specific energy, higher energy density, higher energy efficiency, a longer cycle life, and a longer calendar life. A 3.6 V Li-ion battery from a Nokia 3310 mobile phoneĠ.35% to 2.5% per month depending on state of charge ģ.6 / 3.7 / 3.8 / 3.85 V, LiFePO 4 3.2 V, Li 4Ti 5O 12 2.3 VĪ lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible intercalation of Li + ions into electronically conducting solids to store energy.

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